Tun da farko kalmar ta kasance, kalmar kuma ta ɓaci.
Domin har yanzu ba a ƙirƙiri gilashin ido ba.Idan kun kasance mai hangen nesa, mai hangen nesa ko kuma kuna da astigmatism, ba ku da sa'a.Komai ya bushe.
Sai a ƙarshen karni na 13 ne aka ƙirƙira ruwan tabarau masu gyara da ɗanyen abubuwa, abubuwa marasa tushe.Amma menene mutanen da hangen nesa ba cikakke ba suka yi kafin wannan?
Sun yi daya daga cikin abubuwa biyu.Ko dai sun yi murabus don rashin iya gani da kyau, ko kuma sun yi abin da masu hankali koyaushe suke yi.
Sun inganta.
Gilashin ido na farko da aka inganta sune tabarau na wucin gadi, irin su.Prehistoric Inuits sanye da giwar giwayen walrus a gaban fuskokinsu don toshe hasken rana.
A ƙasar Roma ta dā, sarki Nero yana riƙe da wani gogaggen Emerald a gaban idonsa don ya rage hasken rana yayin da yake kallon yadda masu ƙorafi ke yaƙi.
Mai koyar da shi, Seneca, ya yi fahariya cewa ya karanta “dukan littattafan da ke Roma” ta cikin wani babban kwano da aka cika da ruwa, wanda ya ƙara ɗaukaka littafin.Babu wani rahoto kan ko kifin zinare ya shiga hanya.
Wannan shi ne gabatarwar ruwan tabarau masu gyara, wanda ya ci gaba, kadan, a Venice a kusa da 1000 AZ, lokacin da Seneca's tasa da ruwa (da yiwuwar kifin zinare) aka maye gurbinsu da wani lebur-kasa, gilashin gilashin da aka shimfiɗa a saman karatun. abu, zama a cikin tasirin gilashin ƙara girma na farko da kuma ba da damar Sherlock Holmes na Italiya na zamanin da don tattara alamu da yawa don magance laifuka.Waɗannan “dutsen karatun” sun kuma ba sufaye damar ci gaba da karantawa, rubutawa, da haskaka littattafan da aka rubuta bayan sun cika shekara 40.
Alkalan kasar Sin na karni na 12 sun sanya wani nau'in tabarau na tabarau, da aka yi da lu'ulu'u masu hayaki, suna rike a gaban fuskokinsu don kada shaidun da suka yi tambayoyi ba su iya gane furcinsu, wanda hakan ya ba da labarin karya ga "maras tushe".Ko da yake wasu bayanan tafiyar Marco Polo zuwa kasar China shekaru 100 da suka gabata sun yi ikirarin cewa ya ga tsofaffin Sinawa sanye da gilashin ido, an tozarta wadannan bayanan a matsayin yaudara, tun da wadanda suka yi bincike kan litattafan Marco Polo ba su ga wani batun gilashin ido ba.
Ko da yake ainihin kwanan watan yana cikin gardama, an yarda da cewa an ƙirƙira farkon tabarau na gyaran ido a Italiya a wani lokaci tsakanin 1268 da 1300. Waɗannan su ne ainihin duwatsun karatu guda biyu (gilasai masu girma) waɗanda ke da alaƙa da madaidaicin hinge a kan gadar. hanci.
Misalai na farko na wani da ke sanye da wannan salon tabarau na cikin jerin zane-zane na tsakiyar ƙarni na 14 na Tommaso da Modena, wanda ya nuna sufaye masu amfani da monocles kuma suna sanye da waɗannan farkon pince-nez (Faransanci don "ƙuƙuwa hanci") don karantawa. da kwafi rubutun hannu.
Daga Italiya, an gabatar da wannan sabon ƙirƙira zuwa ƙasashen "Low" ko "Benelux" (Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg), Jamus, Spain, Faransa da Ingila.Wadannan gilasai duk lens ne masu dunƙulewa waɗanda ke haɓaka bugu da abubuwa.A Ingila ne masu ƙirƙira gilashin ido suka fara tallata gilashin karatu don abin farin ciki ga waɗanda suka haura shekaru 40. A 1629 aka kafa Kamfanin Bauta na Masu Kallon Kaya, tare da wannan taken: “Albarka ga tsofaffi”.
Wani muhimmin ci gaba ya zo a farkon karni na 16, lokacin da aka samar da ruwan tabarau na concave don Paparoma Leo X. Yanzu gilashin ido don hangen nesa da hangen nesa ya kasance.Koyaya, duk waɗannan nau'ikan tabarau na farko sun zo da babbar matsala - ba za su tsaya a fuskarka ba.
Don haka masu kera gilashin ido na Spain sun ɗaure ɗigon siliki a kan ruwan tabarau tare da madauki ribbon a kunnen mai sawa.Lokacin da ’yan mishan na Spain da Italiya suka gabatar da waɗannan gilashin zuwa China, Sinawa sun yi watsi da ra’ayin yin lanƙwasa ribbon a kunnuwa.Sun ɗaure ƙananan ma'auni zuwa ƙarshen ribbon don sa su tsaya a kunne.Sai wani likitan gani na Landan, Edward Scarlett, a shekara ta 1730, ya halicci magabatan haikalin zamani, sanduna guda biyu masu kauri waɗanda ke makale da ruwan tabarau kuma suka kwanta a saman kunnuwa.Shekaru ashirin da biyu bayan haka, mai zanen gilashin ido James Ayscough ya gyara hannayen haikalin, yana ƙara hinges don ba su damar ninkawa.Ya kuma sanya dukkan ruwan tabarau kore ko shudi, ba don ya yi musu tabarau ba, amma don yana tunanin cewa waɗannan titin suna taimakawa wajen inganta hangen nesa.
Babban bidi'a na gaba a cikin tabarau na ido ya zo tare da ƙirƙirar bifocal.Ko da yake mafi yawan majiyoyi akai-akai suna yin la'akari da ƙirƙirar bifocals ga Benjamin Franklin, a tsakiyar shekarun 1780, wata kasida a gidan yanar gizon Kwalejin Optometrist tana tambayar wannan iƙirari ta hanyar nazarin duk shaidar da ke akwai.A hankali ya kammala cewa yana iya yiwuwa an ƙirƙira bifocals a Ingila a cikin 1760s, kuma Franklin ya gan su a can kuma ya ba da umarni biyu don kansa.
Dalili na ƙirƙira na bifocals ga Franklin mai yiwuwa ya samo asali ne daga wasiƙarsa da abokinsa,George Whatley.A cikin wata wasiƙa, Franklin ya kwatanta kansa a matsayin “mai farin ciki da ƙirƙira na tabarau biyu, waɗanda ke hidima ga abubuwa masu nisa da na kusa, suna sa idanuna su zama masu amfani a gare ni kamar dā.”
Duk da haka, Franklin bai taɓa cewa ya ƙirƙira su ba.Whatley, watakila wahayi ne ta hanyar iliminsa da kuma godiya ga Franklin a matsayin ƙwararren mai ƙirƙira, a cikin amsarsa ya danganta ƙirƙirar bifocals ga abokinsa.Wasu kuma suka ɗauka da gudu tare da wannan har ya zuwa yanzu an yarda da cewa Franklin ya ƙirƙira bifocals.Idan wani shine ainihin wanda ya ƙirƙira, wannan gaskiyar ta ɓace har shekaru da yawa.
Kwanaki mai mahimmanci na gaba a tarihin gilashin ido shine 1825, lokacin da masanin falaki George Airy na Ingila ya ƙirƙira ruwan tabarau na cylindrical concave wanda ya gyara astigmatism na kusa.Trifocals da sauri ya biyo baya, a cikin 1827. Sauran abubuwan da suka faru a ƙarshen 18th ko farkon ƙarni na 19 sune monocle, wanda halin Eustace Tilley ya mutu, wanda shine New Yorker abin da Alfred E. Neuman yake zuwa Mad Magazine, da kuma lornette, gilashin ido akan sanda wanda zai mayar da duk wanda ke sa su cikin dowager nan take.
Gilashin Pince-nez, za ku iya tunawa, an gabatar da su ne a tsakiyar karni na 14 a cikin waɗancan sifofin farko da ke kan hancin sufaye.Sun sake dawowa bayan shekaru 500, wanda irin su Teddy Roosevelt ya shahara, wanda "m kuma a shirye" machismo ya yi watsi da hoton gilashin kamar yadda ya dace ga sissies.
A farkon karni na 20, ko da yake, gilashin pince-nez an maye gurbinsu a cikin shahararrun ta gilashin da aka sawa, jira shi, taurarin fim, ba shakka.Tauraron fina-finan na shiru Harold Lloyd, wanda kuka gani yana rataye a wani bene yayin da yake rike da hannun wani katon agogo, sanye da cikakken baki, gilashin kunkuru mai zagaye wanda ya zama abin haushi, a wani bangare saboda sun maido da hannun haikali a cikin firam.
Fused bifocals, inganta a kan tsarin Franklin-style ta hanyar fusing nesa- da kusa-hannu ruwan tabarau tare, an gabatar a cikin 1908. Sunglasses ya zama sananne a cikin 1930s, a wani ɓangare saboda tace don polarize hasken rana an ƙirƙira a 1929, kunna tabarau zuwa tabarau. sha ultraviolet da infrared haske.Wani dalilin da ya sa gilashin ya shahara shi ne saboda an dauki hotunan taurarin fina-finai masu kayatarwa sanye da su.
Bukatar daidaita tabarau don bukatun matukan jirgin yakin yakin duniya na biyu ya haifar da shahararruaviator style na tabarau.Ci gaban da aka samu a cikin robobi ya ba da damar yin firam ɗin launuka daban-daban, kuma sabon salon gilashin mata, wanda ake kira cat-eye saboda manyan gefuna na firam ɗin, ya mayar da gilashin ido zuwa salon salon mata.
Sabanin haka, salon gilashin ido na maza a cikin shekarun 1940 da 50s sun kasance sun kasance mafi ƙarancin zinare zagaye na firam ɗin waya, amma tare da keɓancewa, irin su salon murabba'in Buddy Holly, da kuma ƙwanƙwasa na James Dean.
Tare da bayanin salon tabarau na tabarau suna zama, ci gaba a fasahar ruwan tabarau ya kawo ruwan tabarau masu ci gaba (glass multifocal ba tare da layi ba) ga jama'a a cikin 1959. Kusan dukkan ruwan tabarau na gilashin ido yanzu an yi su da filastik, wanda ya fi gilashin haske kuma yana karyewa da tsabta maimakon rushewa. a cikin shards.
Ruwan tabarau na photochromic na filastik, waɗanda suke yin duhu a cikin hasken rana mai haske kuma suka sake bayyana daga rana, sun fara samuwa a ƙarshen 1960s.A wancan lokacin ana kiran su da "photo gray", saboda wannan shine kawai launi da suka shigo ciki. Ana samun ruwan tabarau masu launin toka a cikin gilashi kawai, amma a cikin 1990s sun kasance a cikin filastik, kuma a cikin karni na 21 a yanzu suna samuwa a ciki. launuka iri-iri.
Salon gilashin ido suna zuwa suna tafiya, kuma kamar yadda yake akai-akai a cikin salon, duk abin da ya tsufa ya sake zama sabo.Wani lamari a cikin ma'ana: Gilashin zinari da baƙar fata sun kasance sananne.Yanzu ba haka ba.Girman girma, manyan gilashin firam ɗin waya an fi so a cikin 1970s.Yanzu ba haka ba.Yanzu, gilashin retro waɗanda shekaru 40 da suka gabata ba a san su ba, kamar murabba'i, ƙaho-rim da gilashin brow-brow, suna mulkin rak ɗin gani.
Lokacin aikawa: Maris 14-2023